Defending Freedom of Expression and Information in Europe and Central Asia

European Union

The European Union remains a key institution with both the ability and the capacity to set the tone for progressive legislation that can serve as a reference for other regions. It also has the potential to respond to emerging challenges and opportunities—especially in the digital sphere—by ensuring that policies are consistently centred on human rights standards. We engage with legislators, policymakers, regulators, relevant stakeholders, and civil society partners to ensure that EU rules and frameworks uphold the Union’s stated commitments to human rights, particularly the rights to freedom of expression and access to information.

Our work focuses on three core pillars: research, shaping policy proposals, and advocacy.

Our key priorities include: ensuring that the right to freedom of expression is respected both online and offline; that digital and media markets serve the public interest and support democratic resilience; that new technologies comply with international human rights standards; and that Europe remains a place where free, independent, and pluralistic media can thrive, and journalists can hold power to account without fear of harassment or intimidation.

Following the 2024 European elections we developed and launched a comprehensive manifesto detailing four key priorities for the incoming Commission.

More on our work in the EU

SLAPPs

Over the years, the tactics to limit freedom of expression and hinder public-interest work have been refined. Those who aim to avoid public scrutiny have started to take advantage of legal actions. Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (known as SLAPPs) are abusive litigation used by well-resourced and powerful individuals to stifle public debate on vital issues such as corruption, mismanagement of public resources, and human rights violations by dragging journalists and activists into time-consuming and costly legal proceedings. In February 2024, the European Parliament adopted the long-awaited EU anti-SLAPP Directive which sets minimum standards for protecting public watchdogs. Effective national legislation on SLAPPs should include a broad scope to cover domestic SLAPP cases, a robust early dismissal mechanism and safeguards on damage compensation.

We are also encouraged to see the approval of the Council of Europe’s Recommendation on SLAPPs which establishes robust and authoritative standards. It will prove crucial as European Union member states transpose the new anti-SLAPP directive into national law, and provide a roadmap for non-EU members of the Council of Europe (CoE) to introduce effective anti-SLAPP protections of their own. 

We will closely monitor the transposition phase to ensure that member states will not confine their efforts to the framework set out by the directive.

Belarus

Since the rigged presidential election that sparked mass protests across Belarus in August 2020, the regime has stepped up its efforts to increase repression and continued to quash dissent, jail journalists and activists, as well as banning and blocking hundreds of news websites and media outlets.

Despite the world’s attention being diverted by several grave humanitarian crises, Belarusians continue to endure an unprecedented level of repression, often out of the spotlight and away from media headlines. We reaffirm our unwavering support for the Belarusian resistance and their strength in standing up to repression. We call for the release of all political prisoners who are persecuted for their vital work for civil society.

Prisoners are subjected to torture, denied hygienic products and critical medications, deprived of doctor’s appointments, and held in penal colonies under inhumane conditions, despite having severe health issues that are blatantly ignored. Prisoners are left alone facing this ordeal as their contact with the outside world, including family, is severely constrained, further contributing to the deterioration of their mental and physical health. Many political prisoners are held incommunicado without any contact with the outside world. In the case of Maria Kalesnikava, this has been the situation for more than a year. ARTICLE 19 Europe continues to urge Belarus to finally cease targeting its citizens for exercising their basic rights and provide access to necessary healthcare while they are in detention.

More on our work in Belarus

Central Asia

In recent years, freedom of expression in Central Asia has become increasingly restricted. Governments in the region have intensified their crackdowns on media freedom and freedom of assembly, using intimidation tactics to silence critics, journalists, and activists. A series of controversial laws have been adopted, allowing these governments to exert greater control over online content and misuse existing legislation to force critics into self-censorship. Additionally, political leaders in countries like Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are increasingly looking to establish Russian-style laws targeting vaguely defined ‘foreign influences.’

We promote freedom of expression in Central Asia by monitoring legislation, media regulation and the safety of journalists. We conduct research on curtailing freedom of speech online and provide legal recommendations for countries to meet international standards and raise violations to UN bodies and the Human Rights Council.

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Türkiye

Freedom of expression in Turkiye has been under attack for years, with a drastic decline since the Gezi Park protests in 2013. The government and the police’s extremely violent reaction to the peaceful protest was a turning point in relations between civil society and the authorities.

The government further used certain Turkish criminal legal provisions disproportionately to silence critical voices and opposition in Turkey. Over the past two decades, Türkiye’s government has captured over 90% of the media landscape, including direct control over the country’s public media and indirect control over much of the mainstream media through party-aligned oligarchs. It has abused the power of state advertising to create compliant journalism and weaponised the broadcast regulator, RTÜK, to routinely target broadcasters with financial penalties for critical news reporting. Hundreds of journalists, academics, rights defenders and writers are in jail. In addition, the Turkish authorities have severely curtailed freedom of assembly and regularly forbid or quash gatherings by government critics.

The capture of mainstream media has been backed by a mass crackdown on independent media, including the arrest of hundreds and prosecutions of thousands of journalists in the years since the failed coup of 2016.

We provide a legal analysis of the Turkish legal framework in the context of international freedom of expression standards and review the provisions most commonly misused to target civil society e.g. ‘disinformation bill’. enacted in October 2022 We develop case profiles as well as submit expert opinions and third-party interventions in individual cases to national, regional and international courts. 

More on our work in Türkiye

Western Balkans

ARTICLE 19 Europe’s work in the Western Balkans focuses on key priorities related to cross-cutting across the region. As part of the Media Freedom Rapid Response (MFRR) and the Council of Europe’s Platform for the Safety of Journalists, we monitor and document the ongoing erosion of press freedom and organise fact-finding and advocacy missions to examine the threats to journalists in the member and candidate states (including Albania and Kosovo). The safety of journalists remains a key concern in many countries in the Western Balkans, with journalists being targeted while covering protests or investigating controversial public interest news. Women journalists face specific forms of harassment, especially online. SLAPPs constitute a growing threat to independent journalists in the region; in Serbia for example, we documented 26 cases of SLAPPs against journalists in the last decade. According to a recent survey conducted by the Croatian Journalists’ Association at least 752 lawsuits against the media and journalists are currently active, some of which may be categorised as SLAPPs. 

The frail state of media freedom can be described by politicisation and media concentration, favouring political and business elites across the region.

Read more on our work in:

Albania

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatia

Kosovo

Serbia

Stand with Ukraine

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has taken a disastrous toll on both people and infrastructure. Thousands of people have been killed, and many more injured, with their homes and significant landmarks reduced to rubble. There are numerous reports demonstrating how Russian forces have repeatedly violated international humanitarian law, such as through indiscriminate bombing of civilian areas, and targeting hospitals, schools or theaters. These are accompanied by attacks on the right to freedom of expression and information which is increasingly recognised as a survival right in the context of armed conflicts. Russia’s brutal onslaught on Ukraine must end.

More on our work in Ukraine